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Galvanization involves coating iron or steel with zinc to prevent rusting. While this treatment extends the life of pipes, it also alters their surface texture. The roughness created by the galvanization process can increase the friction factor compared to smooth-walled pipes. This increase implies greater energy requirements for pumping fluids through galvanized pipes, particularly in systems that rely on water or other low-viscosity fluids.
friction factor of galvanized iron pipe factories

A cap sheet is a waterproof material used in flat roofing systems, typically installed on the top layer of the roof to provide protection. It forms a barrier against weather elements, ensuring that water cannot penetrate through to the structure beneath. This is crucial as leaks can lead to devastating damage, including rot, mold, and structural weakness.